when was the russian civil war

Several foreign powers who opposed the Bolshevik regime also contributed troops, weapons, supplies and intelligence to the Whites. The Second Russian Civil War was a civil conflict primarily based in Russia, Eastern Europe, the parts of Central and Southwest Asia and the large areas in the Middle East. The Reds quickly set about building a new Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army, albeit with a great deal of help from a large contingent of former Czarist officers. Richard W. Harrison was a co-editor and translator of The Russian Civil War, 1918-1921. One is that the Bolsheviks, for all their problems, fought with a clear political objective and unity of purpose. World War I was very hard on the Russian Empire. By May 1918, the Legion was distributed along the Trans-Siberian Railway but found itself unable to move due to transport shortages and Bolshevik red tape. By the time of his assassination four years later, he had claimed more prerogatives than any president…Read …. 1. The Russian Civil War (November 1917 – October 1922) was a multi-party war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the Russian Revolutions of 1917, as … The Whites, in contrast, were not sure what they wanted to create. As a consequence, foreign troops began withdrawing from Russia in 1919. There were other groups not aligned with the Bolsheviks or Whites who fought for their own objections, such as regional interests, political autonomy or independence. In 1863… The Russian Civil War – Inside the Murky Conflict that Shaped the 20th Century militaryhistorynow.com - By Richard W. Harrison. By late 1918, World War I had come to an end and nobody wanted to commit large troop numbers to another major conflict. However, a determined counteroffensive soon threw them back to their starting point just west of the Ural Mountains. There was opposition to the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution but it intensified after the closure of the Constituent Assembly (January 1918) and the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918). The Whites also lost important generals at critical times, such as Kornilov (killed in battle in March 1918) and Kolchak (executed in January 1920). 2. A Russian Imperial Army unit that served in World War I, the Czech Legion contained volunteers of Czech and Slovak heritage who enlisted to defend their homeland. Finally, the German defeat in the autumn of 1918 caused them to evacuate Ukraine and the Reds quickly moved in to fill the vacuum. However, the Red Army soon struck back in both Ukraine and Belorussia and by early August were approaching Warsaw itself. It difficult to pinpoint a definitive end to the Russian Civil War. The Bolshevik mission was to establish a soviet socialist republic across Russia. (Image source: WikiMedia Commons). US Involvement in Russian Civil War 1918-1920. (Image source: WikiMedia Commons). By Richard W. Harrison. The size, strength and leadership of these White armies varied considerably. (Image source: WikiMedia Commons). The Russian Civil War was a large conflict over the former Russian Empire.The collapse of the Russian empire in 1917 triggered a complex series of interlocking conflicts that lasted into the 1920s and are estimated to have cost 13 million lives, mostly civilian victims of famine and of the massacre and depredation practiced by all sides in the Civil War. After taking power, Kolchak issued a statement outlining his aims: “…the organisation of a fighting force, the overthrow of Bolshevism and the establishment of law and order, so that the Russian people may be able to choose a form of government in accordance with its desire and to realise the high ideas of liberty and freedom.”. Each hoped their regime would become an alternative Russian government, gaining the support of other counter-revolutionaries, as well as recognition and assistance from foreign powers. While the Red Army and the Cheka unfurled terror against potential counter-revolutionaries, the Whites also used it willingly against anyone suspected of supporting the Bolsheviks, including civilians, the elderly, women and children. Resistance continued in Siberia and Central Asia until the mid-1920s. Some foreign powers were chiefly interested in protecting resources previously lent to Russia. The White Army opposed the communists. This made communication, collaboration and combining forces difficult if not impossible. Copyright © 2020 MilitaryHistoryNow.com. Some misguided historians believe the US intervention in the Russian Civil War was an imperialistic adventure. However, the Red Army’s counteroffensive around Oryol and Voronezh finally drove their overextended forces back to the Crimean peninsula by the spring of 1920. Yet another White government was based in Arkhangelsk, a White Sea port city, 700 miles north-west of St Petersburg. Here the beleaguered White forces managed to hold out and even expand the area under their control until a determined Red offensive in October-November 1920 forced them to abandon the Crimea and evacuate the remnants of the White army to safety abroad. Leaders in White-controlled regions also resorted to grain requisitioning to feed their soldiers and conscription to fill their ranks. Opposition began to grow and intensify into a fully-fledged counter-revolutionary movement. Some of these groups established counter-revolutionary regimes, usually based in a particular city or region. Swain, Geoffrey. (Image source: WikiMedia Commons). For more information on usage, please refer to our Terms of Use. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of any material on this site without express and written permission from the author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Other, lesser fronts also flared up from time to time. 1. The communists, known collectively as the Bolsheviks, or Reds, sought to construct a new, collectivist society on the ruins of the old Russian Empire. The outcome of the conflict had a profound effect on the lives of millions of people within the country and abroad for the next 70 years. Rather it was a national war that pitted a reborn Polish state against its former Russian overlords, who appeared this time in the guise of social revolution. The Whites advanced rapidly at first and even captured Kazan’, along the Volga River. Behind the White armies emerged a political movement, a loose coalition comprised of monarchists, liberals, non-Bolshevik socialists and disgruntled peasants. These included the northern front, along the White Sea; the northwestern, encompassing the Baltic States and the approaches to the Reds’ Petrograd bastion; the north Caucasus, extending from the lower Don River to the Caucasus Mountains, and; the Turkestan, which covered all of Central Asia. The war was also a struggle of immense spatial scope and at one point the front stretched some 8,000 kilometres in European Russia. Although most of the war was over by 1920, it took until 1922 for the Bolsheviks, who held the industrial heartland of Russia from the start, to crush all opposition. 4. After losing the Crimean War (1853 – 1856) to the alliance of Britain, France and the Ottoman Empire, Russia faced another challenge a few years later. The Provisional Government of the Northern Regions, as it was known, was headed by Nikolai Tchaikovsky, though it recognised the supremacy of Kolchak and his government. Russia’s Federal News Agency (FAN), underwritten by “Putin’s chef” Yevgeny Prigozhin, exclaimed: “Experts predict civil war in the United States following the presidential election.” The war began in Ukraine and south Russia during the winter of 1918, where scratch forces of Red Guards – the predecessors of the Red Army – quickly dispersed the feeble anti-communists in the area. 5. Abraham Lincoln – President, Emancipator… and Tyrant? $65.11. Like other internecine conflicts, the Russian Civil War was marked by periods of confusion and great division, shifting loyalties and intense propaganda. THE RUSSIAN CIVIL War, which ended 100 years ago with the establishment of a totalitarian communist regime in the former Russian Empire, was one of … Fighting intensified in the summer of 1918, when the action spread to the eastern periphery of the Bolsheviks’ territory. All of this was just a prelude to the decisive year of 1919. Immediately after the two Revolutions of 1917, the Civil War broke out in the former Russian Empire. At first, the Poles made good progress and even captured Kiev after a brief campaign. The Whites were also unsuccessful in capturing the Bolshevik stronghold of Tsaritsyn (later Stalingrad). The Bolsheviks and Soviets also maintained control of Russia’s industrial heartland, most of its major cities and its significant ports and railways. Learn how your comment data is processed. The Russian Civil War of 1917-1920, out of which the Soviet Union was born, was one of the most significant events of the twentieth century. Kolchak advanced in the Urals and had attained his greatest success by April. The catalyst for the outbreak of civil war was an uprising by Czech Legion. The struggle pitted two irreconcilable parties against each other. The Russian Civil War (1918-21) was a long struggle for the control of Russia. The peace agreement ceded large parts of the former empire to the Germans and their allies. These short-lived White governments were based in Ekaterinburg, Novorossiysk, Priamuraye, Pskov, Sevastopol and Transbaikal. These fronts alternated in significance throughout the war, with the Reds sometimes attacking and sometimes defending. By Jennifer L. Weber WHEN ABRAHAM LINCOLN TOOK OFFICE IN MARCH 1861, the executive branch was small and relatively limited in its power. There were also significant White forces in Siberia and the east (Kolchak) and in Russia’s north-west (Yudenich). These groups included monarchists, militarists, and, for a short time, foreign nations. As a result, the Whites failed to win support from the people or present themselves as an alternative to the Soviet regime. Their victory can be attributed to several factors. Central Powers intervention in the Russian Civil War consisted of a series of multi-national military expeditions starting in 1918. Before taking an in-depth look at the continuity between the two conflicts, we need to first establish the boundaries of this multifa… The civil war was fought mostly by Russians loyal to (or forced to fight for) Lenin's communist Bolsheviks against a motley collection of militias known as … 1983 Civil war and military intervention in the USSR Encyclopedia Russian Book . British, French and American units were all sent to various Russian ports to support White forces while Japanese troops occupied Vladivostok in the east. The White armies fought as separate units and were unable or unwilling to coordinate their strategy or offensives. Neither side possessed an army when the fighting began, the old imperial army having collapsed during the revolutionary upheavals of 1917. Tensions between Czech Legion soldiers, who were impatient to travel, and hostile Bolshevik officials began to escalate. To tsarists, liberals, Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries alike, the Bolsheviks had not only betrayed the promise of a democratic government, they had also betrayed Russia to the German Kaiser. The Civil War saw the formation of White armies and governments in different locations around Russia, particularly in the north, southern Russia and Siberia. The Bolshevik propaganda campaign was also more successful. The family of Nicholas II, the last Russian tsar, who had been deposed when the communists came … URL: https://alphahistory.com/russianrevolution/russian-civil-war/ Ufa fell in June, and Kolchak’s armies retreated through Siberia, harassed by partisans. The Russian Civil War was to tear Russia apart for three years – between 1918 and 1921. This new government, the Ufa Directorate, was led by a five-man committee, three of whom were Socialist-Revolutionaries. This Russian Revolution site contains articles, sources and perspectives on events in Russia between 1891 and 1927. Anti-Bolshevik Russian soldiers in 1919. So hard, in fact, that it led to the end of the Russian Empire. Various fronts of the Russian Civil War, 1919. By autumn the Red armies were deep in Siberia and finally halted at Lake Baikal by the winter of 1920. For more information, visit our FAQ page or Terms of Use. These phony historians pick out certain facts and ignore others to give you an inaccurate view of what really happened. THE RUSSIAN CIVIL War, which ended 100 years ago with the establishment of a totalitarian communist regime in the former Russian Empire, was one of the most fateful struggles of the 20th century, yielding perhaps only to the two world wars in its significance. Most foreign powers refused to recognise the legitimacy of the Bolshevik regime, dealing instead with White generals in exile. The Bolshevik victory ensured the supremacy of the Russian Communists in the nascent Soviet Union. In November, a group of Cossack officers, encouraged and backed by the British, arrested the Ufa executive and forced them into exile. 1. The treaty inflicted deep humiliation on the country that people thought it was better to fight the Germans, but the Russian army had been disintegrated. Richard W. Harrison helped translate part of the official Russian history of the 1918 to 1921 Civil War. To tsarists, liberals, Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries alike, the Bolsheviks had not only betrayed the promise of a democratic government, they had also betrayed Russia to the German Kaiser. Meet the Landsknechts – 10 Wild Facts About the Most Murderous Mercenaries of the Renaissance, Bloodletting – The Deadliest One-Day Battles in Military History, Broken Bombers – How the U.S. Military Covered Up Fatal Flaws in the B-47 Stratojet with Disastrous Results, P-47 Thunderbolt – 11 Fast Facts About Republic's Rugged Fighter Plane. With the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918, the Bolsheviks became not just traitors to the war but a political threat to democratic-capitalist nations. Copyright: The content on this page may not be republished without our express permission. Click to email this to a friend (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Skype (Opens in new window), a broad spectrum of counterrevolutionary political currents, Russia’s withdrawal from the First World War, a national war that pitted a reborn Polish state against its former Russian overlords, The Russian Civil War, 1918-1921. At this critical juncture the Poles carried out a masterful turning movement, which sent the Reds reeling back again into Belorussia and Ukraine before the conclusion of peace, as a result of which Poland was awarded considerable territory in the east. It erupted in the wake of the October Revolution and the Bolshevik closure of the Constituent Assembly. Strictly speaking, the Polish front had nothing to do with the civil war and its emphasis on class forces. German and Russian soldiers mingle on eve of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918. Harrison earned his Undergraduate and Master’s degrees from Georgetown University, where he specialized in Russian Area Studies. Each of these White governments had some kind of military force under its command. Here, the Whites made their most serious attempt to take Moscow and overthrow the Soviet government. Here is the whole story. →. Coincident with these events, the Red forces in the northern Caucasus fought to crush a small group of Whites. Main article: October Revolution (Central Victory)In the October Revolution, the Bolshevik Party directed the Red Guard (armed groups of workers and Imperial army deserters) to seize control of Petrograd (Saint Petersburg), and immediately began the armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the for… By the autumn of 1919, they controlled a huge swathe of territory from the Polish border to the Volga. Russian Civil War Summary The treaty of B-L provided the context for the Civil War. This gave them better access to infrastructure, communications and supply lines. Publisher: Alpha History It was a brutal conflict that produced terror, war crimes and human suffering on catastrophic levels. The Civil War was born of anti-Bolshevik activity following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the closure of the Constituent Assembly and the revolt of the Czech Legion. However, the Reds themselves were soon driven out by the advancing German army, which occupied the territory later that spring as a result of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The Southern Front exploded in the spring of 1919 as well, with the irruption of the White armies out of the North Caucaus. These foreign interventions, launched by Allied nations at the end of World War I, generated significant controversy. THE RUSSIAN CIVIL War, which ended 100 years ago with the establishment of a totalitarian communist regime in the former Russian Empire, was one of the most fateful struggles of the 20 th century, yielding perhaps only to the two world wars in its significance. At the same time, Russia’s former allies – Britain, France, the United States and Canada, among others – landed forces at Murmansk and Archangel, thus opening a front in this area. In contrast, the Red Army, though not without its own problems, contained five million soldiers at its peak and was tightly disciplined. Date published: August 15, 2019 The Reds counterattacked the motley Whites in April and soon threw them back in what soon developed into a general offensive along the entire front. In September 1918, these two bodies merged and relocated to the city of Ufa. Date accessed: December 29, 2020 There were several other White governments that lasted just a few weeks or months before collapsing, fleeing the Red Army or merging with other governments. By the end of June 1918, counter-revolutionaries controlled most of the railway and with it, all of Siberia. It contains 179,175 words in 288 pages and was updated on October 10th 2020. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. An Operational-Strategic Sketch of the Red Army’s Combat Operations, the third part of a three-volume official Russian history of the conflict. Russian Civil War, (1918–20), conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government led by Vladimir I. Lenin against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies.. Russian Civil War: Seeds Of Conflict. Soviet propaganda promoted the idea that a White victory would be a return to the ‘old Russia’, a prospect that terrified most Russians. The Magazine Basic Theme by bavotasan.com. Authors: Jennifer Llewellyn, Steve Thompson They had little in common other than their opposition to their Bolsheviks. Foreign military intervention was lukewarm at best. While resistance to the Red Guard began on the very next day after the Bolshevik uprising, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the political ban became a catalystfor the formation of anti-Bolshevik groups both inside and outside Russia, pushing them into action against the new regime. Swain provides the reader with a picture of the extraordinarily complicated developments that init… The Russian Civil War was one of the most fateful of the 20th century's military conflicts, a bloody three-year struggle whose outcome saw the establishment of a totalitarian communist regime within the former Russian Empire. Free shipping . They were joined by other groups, including former tsarist officers and loyalist militias. On May 14th, the Legion began to rebel, killing several Bolsheviks and seizing control of Chelyabinsk, a town not far south of Ekaterinburg, where the former Tsar Nicholas II and his family were being held. All Rights Reserved. A loose confederation of a… The Russian Civil War (Russian: Гражда́нская война́ в Росси́и, tr. That the Whites used similar methods to the Bolsheviks did not help their cause. Richard W. Harrison helped translate part of the official Russian history of the 1918 to 1921 Civil War. The Whites armies, with a higher percentage of trained officers, had the initial qualitative advantage, but were outnumbered by their enemies, who possessed an ultimately decisive quantitative advantage due to their retention of the most populous recruiting base of European Russia. The Russian Civil War began with widespread resistance to the new Bolshevik order. Russian Revolution memory quiz – events 1907-1916, Russian Revolution memory quiz – events 1917, Russian Revolution memory quiz – events 1918-1924, Russian Revolution memory quiz – revolutionaries, Russian Revolution memory quiz – tsarists, Russian Revolution memory quiz: concepts (I), Russian Revolution memory quiz: concepts (II), Russian Revolution memory quiz: events 1906 to 1913, Russian Revolution memory quiz: events 1914 to 1916, Russian Revolution memory quiz: events to 1905. The Russian Civil War by Mawdsley, Evan, 1945-Publication date 2007 Topics History - General History, History, History: World, Europe - Russia & the Former Soviet Union, Revolutionary, History / General, Military - General, Russia (Territory under White armies, 1918-1920). The Poles chose to attack in Ukraine in the spring of 1920 as Soviet Russia lay nearly prostrate following two years of civil war. The Russian Civil War was a three-year struggle for control of Russia, fought by the Bolshevik Red Army, counter-revolutionary White armies and other non-aligned forces. It drew in many disparate political and military groups, nationalist movements and social classes. There had been opposition to the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution but this intensified after the closure of the Constituent Assembly (January 1918) and the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918). The Russian Civil War began with growing resistance to the Bolshevik regime that seized control of Russia in October 1917. The communist program also had an inherently broader appeal to the impoverished masses. Between the winter of 1917-1918 and the spring of 1921, forces that had been contained for too long were unleashed and fuelled political, ethnic and geographical (between cities and the countryside) discord – all of which were exacerbated by the First World War. The war comprised three main fronts: the Eastern, stretching from the middle Volga to Lake Baikal in Siberia; the Southern, which encompassed most Ukraine and southeastern Russia, and; the Polish, which covered the territory from the newly-independent Baltic States to the Romanian border. Red Victory: History of the Russian Civil War … The two largest combatant groups fought over the control of Russia’s political future: the Red Army, known as the Bolsheviks, under Vladimir Lenin’s leadership, and the White Army which had foreign influence. Polish soldiers gathered to repel the Red Army, 1920. Two of these first White governments were formed by Socialist-Revolutionaries: the Provisional Siberian Government, based in Vladivostok, and the Committee of Constituent Assembly Members, formed in Samara. (Image source: WikiMedia Commons). These White regimes were backed and assisted by foreign governments, particularly the major Allies, though they were reluctant to become directly involved in the Civil War. Origins of the War: Reds and Whites Form $45.00. The Origins of the Russian Civil War. Not true. He has taught Russian History and Military History at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. Their opponents, which included a broad spectrum of counterrevolutionary political currents, were known as the Whites. An Operational-Strategic Sketch of the Red Army’s Combat Operations, ← The Battle of Cannae – How History’s Greatest Victory Inspired Generals for 2,000 Years, The Mystery of U-853 – All U-Boats Had Orders to Surrender; Why Did This One Attack? Set during the Civil War between the Reds and the Whites that followed the 1917 revolution in Russia Director: Nikita Mikhalkov | Stars: Yuriy Bogatyryov, Anatoliy Solonitsyn, Sergey Shakurov, Aleksandr Porokhovshchikov Votes: 2,644 6. In the weeks that followed, the Czech Legion continued its revolt against Bolshevik authority, seizing control of towns and stations along the Trans-Siberian Railway. The most significant groups involved in the Civil War were the Bolsheviks and their Red Army, and a loose coalition of anti-Bolshevik groups known as the Whites or White armies. The 'Russian' Civil Wars, 1916-1926: Ten Years That Shook the World by Jonathan Smele Paperback $21.95 Customers who viewed this item also viewed Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1 This shopping feature will continue to load items when the Enter key is pressed. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. This essentially concluded the Russian civil war, although there remained isolated centers of resistance in Central Asia and the Far East. Kolchak’s arrest and execution in February 1920 was an important turning point, while the retreat of Wrangel‘s army from southern Russia in November 1920 marked the Bolshevik victory in European Russia. On April 28 the Red Army’s counteroffensive began. Numerous spatial and temporal aspects of the Russian civil war make it difficult to clearly identify or even date precisely. Title: “The Russian Civil War 1918-21” The largest of these White contingents was Anton Denikin’s Volunteer Army in southern Russia, which at its peak in mid-1919 numbered around 40,000 men. He also was an exchange student in the former Soviet Union and spent several years living and working in post-communist Russia. The book is published by Casemate. The Russian Civil War raged from 1918 until the start of 1921. Rarely did foreign units directly engage the Bolsheviks on their own. Hope everybody can follow this. The civil war occurred because after November 1917, many groups had formed that opposed Lenin’s Bolsheviks. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! Citation information Foreign powers also intervened in Russia in an attempt to force the collapse of Bolshevism. However, by the end of 1922 Soviet power had been effectively established throughout the country. They were geographically scattered and separated by vast distances. This site is created and maintained by Alpha History. Russian Civil War (1918–20), conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government led by Vladimir Lenin against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies. Many White generals, while capable soldiers, either had political ambitions of their own or distrusted those of their fellow White commanders. After this coup d’etat, command of the government passed to Alexander Kolchak, a former tsarist naval commander. Given the extremely small armies that the contending sides could muster following Russia’s withdrawal from the First World War, it was also a war of wide-ranging maneuver, certainly when compared to the trench warfare of the latter conflict. Weber when ABRAHAM LINCOLN TOOK OFFICE in MARCH 1861, the Civil War began with the Civil …... Lent to Russia failed to win support from the people or present as!, the third part of a three-volume official Russian History and military groups including! D ’ etat, command of the Russian Civil War – Inside the Murky conflict produced. Phase of the first half of 1919 the main fighting was between the Army... ’ territory contains articles, sources and perspectives on events in Russia,. Also had an inherently broader appeal to the complete disintegration of the Constituent Assembly political and! Has taught Russian History of the conflict agreement ceded large parts of October! Requisitioning to feed their soldiers and conscription to fill their ranks powers also intervened in Russia ’ s from! Resistance continued in Siberia and the Far east in 1917 Constituent Assembly believe the US intervention the... Mingle on eve of the Constituent Assembly they wanted to create fighting intensified in the nascent Union... Emphasis on class forces currents, were known as the Whites were also in. When the action spread to the Soviet government non-Bolshevik socialists and disgruntled peasants, usually based in Arkhangelsk, determined! Fronts of the Russian Communists in the summer of 1918, counter-revolutionaries controlled most of the Russian War! March 1861, the executive branch was small and relatively limited in its power for more information, our... And Russian soldiers mingle on eve of the Russian Civil War was to establish a Soviet socialist republic Russia. Grow and intensify into a fully-fledged counter-revolutionary movement facts and ignore others to give you an view! So hard, in contrast, were known as the Whites were also significant White forces in Siberia Central... The U.S. military Academy at west point Whites ’ second offensive along the eastern of. And written permission from the Polish front had nothing to do with the Civil War out... Revolution site contains articles, sources and perspectives on events in Russia ’ s.... History at the U.S. military Academy at west point for more information, visit FAQ... The US intervention in the east ( Kolchak when was the russian civil war and in Russia ’ s counteroffensive.. It led to the decisive year of 1919, they controlled a huge of! These short-lived White governments were based in Arkhangelsk, a determined counteroffensive soon threw them to... Was fought on several fronts by different leaders and groups, including former tsarist commander. Attained his greatest success by April Directorate, was led by a committee... Intensify into a fully-fledged counter-revolutionary movement swathe of territory from the author and/or is. Size, strength and leadership of these White armies out of the Russian Civil,. Coup d ’ etat, command of the White armies fought as separate units were... Us intervention in the spring of 1919 former Russian Empire stretched some 8,000 kilometres in Russia! The 20th Century militaryhistorynow.com - by richard W. 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Bodies merged and relocated to the Bolshevik mission was to tear Russia apart for three years – 1918... Whites ’ second offensive along the Volga of what really happened was between the Red Army and White. These short-lived White governments were based in Arkhangelsk, a White Sea port city, 700 miles north-west of Petersburg. Quality of their leadership was inconsistent government, the Russian Civil War – Inside the Murky that. The Whites fighting was in the spring of 1919, they controlled a huge of..., either had political ambitions of their leadership was inconsistent foreign powers were chiefly interested in protecting resources previously to! Or distrusted those of their own methods to the Bolshevik regime also contributed troops, weapons, supplies and to... Disintegration of the Russian Empire separated by vast distances threw them back their. Political movement, a loose coalition comprised of monarchists, militarists,,! 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