The fungus is not thought to be native to North America, but its origins are unknown. Anthracnose, leaf and flower blight (botrytis), crown canker, bacterial leaf scorch, powdery mildew, septoria leaf spot. Infections cause dead blotches on leaves and die-back of young stems. It is a list of products currently available to the home gardener. Dogwood anthracnose (Discula destructive) is a damaging and destructive disease that affects various dogwood species. Distribution of dogwood anthracnose in the Great Smoky Mountain National Park and effects of proximity to water to plots and plot aspects on disease severity. Disease severity in the South seems to be more intense at higher elevations. Jay W. Pscheidt, 2010. Dogwood anthracnose is a relatively new disease to North America. Regeneration can be eliminated in some areas. 1992. Plant Disease. Hibben, C.R., and M.L. Symptoms include: (1) necrotic lesions surrounded by a reddish or brown-purple zone (some with chlorotic halo) (Fig. All varieties of the native flowering dogwood (Cornus florida. Powdery Mildew: Erysiphe pulchra (formerly Microsphaera pulchra) is the fungus that attacks leaf surfaces and tender shoots and causes powdery mildew. 1993. Cornus kousa 'Steeple', a … If unchecked, and conditions favoring spread of the disease persist, the entire tree may die in two to three years. ... Dogwood (Cornus spp., Cornus hybrids, and their cultivars) In winter months it hides in fallen leaves and dead twigs until the fungus is awakened by rainfall and then spread to the tree’s new growth. Dogwood leaves also have a high calcium content and decompose rapidly. Chemicals: using safely and effectively Influence of site factors on dogwood anthracnose in the Nantahala Mountain range of western North Carolina. Cornus anthracnose is a fungal disease that kills the leaves and young shoots of some North American Cornus species (dogwoods). Daughtrey, J.L., C.R. Although the origin of dogwood anthracnose is unknown, the results of DNA analysis combined with its rapid spread have led many to conclude it was introduced (Daughtrey et al. Hibben, K.O. Dogwood Anthracnose is a very common and visually unappealing disease to which the Cornus florida is extremely susceptible. Nov., Cause of Dogwood Anthracnose. 1992. At elevations below 2,000 feet, only dogwoods in cool, wet areas are dying (Anderson et al. Dogwood anthracnose has been reported on over 12 million acres in 180 counties (Anderson et al. Anthracnose infection of dogwood seedlings exposed to natural inoculum in western North Carolina. During that period, the number of plots with severe epidemics (more than 25 percent of foliage blighted) increased by 638 percent. 77:34-36. We aim to enrich everyone’s life through plants, and make the UK a greener and more beautiful place. Mycologia. It was first observed in 1976 affecting a population of Cornus nuttallii in Washington state (Byther and Davidson 1979). History of Introduction and Spread Top of page Dogwood anthracnose was first reported in the USA in 1978 on flowering dogwoods (Cornus florida) in north-eastern states (New York and Connecticut). Purple-rimmed lesions (Parham and Windham 1992) or shot holes predominate on leaves exposed to sunlight, while necrotic blotches predominate on shaded leaves (Parham and Windham 1992). In: J. L. Knighten and R. L. Anderson (eds.). Fungal disease of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) and Pacific dogwood (Cornus nuttallii) trees (Daughtrey et al. RHS members can get exclusive individual advice from the RHS Gardening Advice team. Decline. 2015-41595-24254 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. p. 31–35. Anthracnose was monitored on permanent plots in the Great Smoky Mountain National Park (GSMNP) from 1988-1991 (Windham et al. The fungus Elsinoë cornicauses a spot anthracnose primarily on Cornus florida. Photo by Ralph S. Byther. The centers can turn tan in color and then fall out in some cases. Forest Service Protection Report 26, p. 19. p. 42. 1994). 1). RHS Garden Hyde Hall Spring and Orchid Show, Free entry to RHS members at selected This work is supported by New Technologies for Agriculture Extension grant no. Damage occurs from late spring until leaf fall in the autumn. The early symptoms begin in mid to late May as leaf spots with tan or purple borders. is a potentially fatal disease of dogwood. The fungus Discula destructiva causes extensive damage in North America to the native Cornus species, which are an important landscape feature. 76:915-918. Dogwood anthracnose is considered the most serious disease of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) in Connecticut and the Eastern Seaboard. Understory forest dogwoods are more prone to infection than trees growing in full sunlight. 1994, SAMAB 1996). It was first detected in the UK in the late 1990s and was probably introduced accidentally on infected plant material. Leaf blight due to anthracnose on this Cornus kousa. The disease usually starts on lower leaves and progresses into twigs and branches. Infected leaves exhibit marginal leaf scorch, dead patches, reddish discoloration, yellowing and premature defoliation. and. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Regional Dogwood Workshop. As of 1999, anthracnose had killed 49.7 percent of the native dogwood trees in 24 western counties of North Carolina (USFS 2001). 1996). Spraying is not necessary unless leaf or flower diseases were a problem in previous years due to consecutive wet, cool springs. Byther, R.S. Inclusion of a fungicide product does not indicate a recommendation or endorsement by the RHS. Researchers also speculate that climatic changes and droughts may have predisposed trees to infection, thus causing coincidental outbreaks in the Northeast and the Pacific Northwest (Anderson et al. Anthracnose diseases often defoliate trees from the ground up, leaving a rim of undamaged foliage at the top of the tree. USDA Forest Service—Southern Region Forest Pest Management, Asheville, North Carolina. 020 3176 5800 Spores are carried by wind and splashing water to susceptible tissues. However, the fungicides tebuconazole (Provanto Fungus Fighter Concentrate), tebuconazole with trifloxystrobin (Provanto Fungus Fighter Plus, Toprose Fungus Control & Protect), and triticonazole (Fungus Clear Ultra) are labelled for the control of other diseases on ornamental plants, and could therefore be used legally on Cornus (at the owner’s risk) to try and control anthracnose. Below 3,000 feet, damage is most severe on moist, cool sites such as northeast-facing slopes (Chellemi et al. Hibben. 1290. Leaves may wither, turn brown and remainattached to the twigs (Figure 4). Salogga, D.S., and J.F. Disease . For this reason, ornamentals grown in open, sunny sites are often disfigured without being killed. Join the RHS today and support our charitable work, Keep track of your plants with reminders & care tips – all to help you grow successfully, For the latest on RHS Shows in 2020 and 2021, read more, RHS members get free access to RHS Gardens, Free entry to RHS members at selected times », Reduced prices on RHS Garden courses and workshops, General enquiries Dogwood anthracnose. Two years later, Pirone (1980) noticed a widespread and rapid deterioration of flowering dogwoods in New York and Connecticut (Fig. 4). Symptoms . OSU Plant Clinic Image, 2010. The decline of dogwood populations resulting from dogwood anthracnose has several serious impacts in the Southern Appalachians. Parham, J.M. Dogwood fruits, rich in fat and protein, are a preferred food for turkeys, bobwhite quail, squirrels, rabbits, and deer, as well as numerous non-game species of birds. 1996. and R.M. It is also an important disease of Pacific Dogwood (Cornus nuttallii) in the West. spp.)-Anthracnose. Different fungi target different tree species. (ed.). February 24: 34-37. Phytopathology. Dogwood anthracnose (Discula destructiva) is often described as the most serious disease that affects dogwood species, specifically flowering (Cornus florida)and mountain (C. nuttallii) dogwood species in the United States. Anthracnose is a term applied to an array of fungal diseases that affect shade trees. Pathogen/Cause . Swank. Many leaf lesions can disfigure leaves and stunt growth when disease pressure is high. Brown … Results of the 1991 dogwood anthracnose impact assessment and pilot test in the southeastern United States. None of the taxa were found to be immune to dogwood anthracnose, yet there was considerable variation in resistance to the disease. 2001. Figure 1. DOGWOOD ANTHRACNOSE Dogwood anthracnose is considered the most serious disease of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) in Connecticut and the Eastern Seaboard. Dogwood anthracnose: understanding a disease new to North America. Discula destructiva sp. Cornus anthracnose is a fungal disease caused by Discula destructiva, which arrived in the UK from North America in the late 1990s. Dogwood anthracnose is a relatively new disease to North America. Britton et al. the RHS today and get 12 months for the price of 9. 1995. Figures 2-4. It causes dieback or even death of infected trees. 1993. At elevations between 2,000 to 3,000 feet, dogwoods in the shade are affected. 1983. Dogwood anthracnose had not been reported in pre-1970s surveys of dogwood diseases, and examination of herbarium specimens of Cornus species found no evidence of it prior to that time. Plant Disease. Leaf blight due to anthracnose on this Cornus kousa. Plant Disease. Insects, Diseases and Other Problems: Calico scale, dogwood borer, dogwood sawfly, Japanese maple scale, leafhoppers, oyster shell scale. and M.T. This pathogen overwinters in diseased shoots, releasing spores during spring bloom. Sycamore, oak (especially white oaks), maple, ash, walnut, and dogwood are especially vulnerable to anthracnose, which may cause leaf … This disease is the most common disease found on dogwoods, the flowering dogwood, Cornus florida. Anthracnose caused by the fungus. The infection is manifested in the form of leaf spots and stem cankers. It was later realized that similar symptoms had also been observed on C. nuttallii on the west coast in 1976. Their loss could hasten soil acidification, reduce nutrient availability, and influence numerous ecological relationships (Daughtrey and Hibben 1994). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. 365 (Abstr.). This disease is migrating through eastern and western forests and killing entire dogwood populations (Britton, 1993; USDA Forest Service, 1999). One of the very common diseases of dogwood trees is the dogwood anthracnose which is caused by the fungus Discula sp. dogwood that was infected with both diseases and were also inoculated artificially with spores of D. destructiva. Cornus species are riddled with leaf diseases. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia. associated with anthracnose of dogwood in the Pacific Northwest. Secondary cycles of leaf infection during rainy periods increase the impact of anthracnose on dogwoods (Britton 1993, Hibben and Daughtrey 1988). 80:349-357. Infection of dogwoods is most likely to occur during cool, wet weather in spring and fall but can also occur at any time during the growing season. Environmental factors influence dogwood’s susceptibility to the disease. Southern Region. Disease severity within infected areas also has increased rapidly. Plant Disease. In North America, several native Cornus species, especially Cornus florida (flowering dogwood) and C.nuttallii (Pacific dogwood), have been plagued by the dogwood anthracnose fungus Discula destructiva Redlin since the 1970’s [].The disease threatens the ecological integrity of forest ecosystems and has caused massive economic losses for the nursery industry []. 8 p. Windham, M.T., M.E. Spot anthracnose is more common. Daughtrey, M.L., and C.R. No other spore types are known and it is assumed that the fungus can remain dormant in affected twigs and bark during the winter, to produce fresh spores the following spring. This species is more resistant to the common dogwood disease problems. 32:61-73. Britton, and W.T. C. kousa also is considered a host, but leaf infection is generally minimal (Daughtrey et al. The causal agent is the fungus Discula destructiva, and as the name suggests, this pathogen is highly destructive. The most susceptible species are. Images of dogwood anthracnose symptoms. Trees are also susceptible to powdery mildew, leaf spot, canker, root rot and leaf, and twig blight crown canker, bacterial leaf scorch, powdery mildew, septoria leaf spot. Plant Disease. While the symptoms are similar, the fungi that cause the disease are different from host to host. Symptoms & Disease Cycle: Management: Fungicides for gardeners (Adobe Acrobat pdf document outlining fungicides available to gardeners), Chemicals: using a sprayer OSU Plant Clinic Image, 2010. Plant Disease. Join The Royal Horticultural Society is the UK’s leading gardening charity. 1996). National strategy for special forest products. Chemicals: storing and disposing safely. The New York Times. USDA Forest Service. Hoffard, W.H., D.H. Marx, and H.D. Anthracnose infection of dogwood seedlings exposed to natural inoculum in western North Carolina. Windham. and C.R. A particular variety of Cornus florida that has been bred for, among other qualities, its resistance to dogwood anthracnose and powdery mildew, the Appalachian spring dogwood blooms every spring with gorgeous white bracts surrounding yellow flowers. Cornus florida is particularly susceptible, Cornus nuttallii and Cornus kousa may also be attacked. Anthracnose spreads and thrives in wet conditions. Brown. Redlin, S.C. 1991. In the Southern Appalachians, mortality is most likely at elevations above 3,000 feet. Finding the disease distinct from other Discula spp. Stem dieback from dogwood anthracnose (, Terrestrial (land-dwelling) invasive species, Aquatic (Water-Dwelling) Invasive Species, Public Outreach and Education Materials (Invasive species), Climate Change Impacts on Forest Diseases. 1983. and . Management . 1994). 77: 34-37. There are no fungicides available to amateur gardeners with specific recommendations for use against cornus anthracnose. It starts out as very tiny spots with a reddish or purplish border. After the discovery of dogwood anthracnose that devastated the dogwood population in the northeastern U.S., it has been increasingly more significant to be on alert for disease outbreaks. This happens to be a bad year for leaf spot fungi in general including the Spot Anthracnose fungus on dogwoods due to the cool, wet spring/early summer. Photo by Ralph S. Byther. It infects and kills the leaves and young shoots of some North American Cornus species (dogwoods). In general, damage is most severe at elevations above 3,000 feet, where forest and ornamental dogwoods may be eliminated. C. nuttallii) are susceptible. 222879/SC038262, Bark cankers have been reported on susceptible, There is anecdotal evidence that the disease varies in severity from year to year, so raking up and destroying infected leaves may be helpful in reducing the amount of infection in the following year, Choose resistant species. 1). Knighten, M. Windham, K. Langdon, F. Hendrix, R. and Roncadori. Wet conditions are required for infection. Introduction. 1996). 3(2):20-21. 1995). By 1995, the disease had been confirmed in northern Georgia (1987), western North Carolina (1988), and as far south as northern Alabama. Daughtrey. Discula destructiva. Mon – Fri | 9am – 5pm, Join the RHS today and support our charity. The causal agent is the fungus Discula destructiva, and as the name suggests, this pathogen is highly Davidson, Jr. 1979. Defoliation of affected dogwoods is common in the Southern Appalachians (Britton 1993, Daughtrey and Hibben 1994). Adapted for eXtension.org by Thomas DeGomez, University of Arizona. 1992). Ammirati. Jay W. Pscheidt, 2010. In the past, anthracnose was the most serious disease of dogwoods in the landscape and our forests but it is now less common. Leaf spots vary according to light exposure. Beyond this aesthetic loss, the absence of native dogwoods and their fruits is probably detrimental to wildlife. It was first observed in 1976 affecting a population of Cornus nuttallii in Washington state (Byther and Davidson 1979). All the reddish spots on these flower bracts are due to anthracnose. Ornamentals Northwest Newsletter. Two years later, Pirone (1980) noticed a widespread and rapid deterioration of flowering dogwoods in New York and Connecticut (Fig. Dogwood anthracnose affects leaves, bracts, current-year shoots, localized areas of bark and cambium of the trunk or branches, fruits, and seeds of C. florida (Britton et al. Trees that survive one or more seasons of severe anthracnose usually have swollen areas on trunks and branches where cankers were enveloped by new tissue (Daughtrey and Hibben 1994). 2 and 3), (2) shot holes, (3) necrotic blotches at the leaf tip or along the blade periphery, or (4) blight of the entire blade (Hibben and Daughtrey 1988) (Fig. The health of southern forests. The disease spreads from the twigs to the main branches with multiple cankers coalescing to girdle individual branches. 1994). Anderson, R.L., J.L. 1). Montgomery, and K. Langdon. The initial symptoms appear as medium to large purple bordered leaf spots and scorched, tan blotches. Spores are spread by wind to surrounding dogwoo… Stems show similar symptoms as seen in Figure 5 with a canker at the base of an epicormic branch and Figure 6 showing conidia (spores) exuded from a dead twig infected with Discula destructiva. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Anthracnose. The fungus produces very small, pimple-like fruiting bodies on dead leaves and stems and in wet weather minute spores are released from these and dispersed by rain-splash, wind-blown rain and, probably, by animals and birds. In the GSMNP, it is estimated that more than 90 percent of the dogwoods have died in heavily shaded cove and alluvial forests. that cause anthracnose of ash, oak, and sycamore, Redlin (1991) described and named the pathogen Discula destructiva Redlin in 1991 (Daughtrey and Hibben 1994, Daughtrey et al. Annual Review of Photopathology. 83:633-642. Effects of tree placement on dogwood anthracnose severity and lesion growth rates in urban landscapes and wooded areas. The shoots are also killed in this disease. A species profile for Dogwood Anthracnose. Parasitic fungus affects region’s dogwood. 1994. The disease is known there as anthracnose and was first noted in the 1970s. Host Plants: Dogwood anthracnose infects flowering ( Cornus florida) and Pacific dogwoods ( C. nuttallii ). The spots on the leaves are just like the spots on the bracts. Chellemi, D.O., K.O. In the eastern United States, the disease has spread rapidly down the Appalachians, primarily on Cornus florida, the eastern flowering dogwood. Leaf symptoms on C. florida generally occur within four weeks after flowering (Britton 1993, Hibben and Daughtrey 1988). In 1983, the fungus associated with the anthracnose on C. nuttallii was identified as a species of Discula, and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) and Japanese dogwood (Cornus kousa) were noted as minor hosts (Salogga and Ammirati 1983), but C. Florida is now known as a major host that is impacted by this disease. Two years later, Pirone (1980) noticed a widespread and rapid deterioration of flowering dogwoods in New York and Connecticut (Fig. 1993, Daughtrey and Hibben 1983). References Cited Windham, and S.C. Redlin. Drought and winter injury appear to increase susceptibility (Daughtrey and Hibben 1994). 72:199-203. Lower branch dieback, a new disease of northern dogwoods. Images of dogwood anthracnose infections. 1980. It is also an important disease of Pacific Dogwood (Cornus nuttallii) in the West. Spring flowering of forest dogwoods enhances the aesthetic quality of forest landscapes and is important for tourism. It was first observed in 1976 affecting a population of Cornus nuttallii in Washington state (Byther and Davidson 1979). Dogwood anthracnose is a relatively new disease to North America. The term anthracnose refers to a group of fungal diseases that can affect a wide range of plant species, trees as well as shrubs, both ornamentals and edibles, and also garden crops. In wet weather these spots can rapidly enlarge and kill the entire leaf. From the infectedleaves, the pathogen can grow into branches and trunks. Infected twigs forma shepherd’s crook reminiscentof fire blight symptoms.Young leaves and sprouts are especially susceptibleunder shady and wet conditions. Overall, vigorous trees tend to be less damaged than weak trees. 1988. Daughtrey, M.L. Figures 5-6. Dogwood (Cornus spp.)-Anthracnose. Hibben. Cause & Disease Development Spot anthracnose is caused by the fungus Elsinoe corni. You may see the following symptoms: On leaves: Spots and blotches of dead tissue appear. Pest Alert We are seeing: (Cornus florida). New growth is covered with a fine, white, powdery coating, typically on the upper surfaces of the leaves. Dogwood anthracnose in northeastern United States. In: Stipes, R.J. Many leaf lesions can disfigure leaves and stunt growth when disease pressure is high. 1994. Blighting commonly occurs throughout the canopy of understory C. florida, or within the interior canopy or on epicormic branches of exposed trees. Native UK Cornus species appear unaffected. Cornus florida, commonly known as the flowering Dogwood, is very common in our area and is even Virginia’s state tree. Britton, K.O. U.S. Forest Service Protection Report R8-PR 23. Discula sp. times, RHS Registered Charity no. Britton, M.T. Mature leaves are generally resistant to infection, but when conditions are favorable, spotty lesions can occur. The disease kills dogwoods of all sizes, but it is most severe on young seedlings. All the reddish spots on these flower bracts are due to anthracnose. 1992, Hoffard et al. Pirone, P.P. This makes it very easy for a tree that battled Anthracnose last year to re-contract the fungus this year. Large C. florida often die two to three years after the first symptoms are found in the leaves (Anderson et al. The disease was discovered almost simultaneously in Washington (1976) and New York (1978) (Daughtery & Hibben, 1994). Dogwood anthracnose and its spread in the South. 1992. 1996) Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service. Dogwood anthracnose: A new disease threatens two native Cornus species. Young stems ( Daughtery & Hibben, 1994 ) dogwood leaves also have a calcium... Coalescing to girdle individual branches epidemics ( more than 25 percent of the 1991 dogwood anthracnose in the Great Mountain! ) dogwood anthracnose dogwood anthracnose, leaf and flower blight ( botrytis ), canker! 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And Pacific dogwood ( Cornus nuttallii in Washington state ( Byther and Davidson 1979 ) understanding. Of cornus anthracnose disease sizes, but it is also an important landscape feature leaves! Aesthetic quality of forest landscapes and is important for tourism the South seems to be less damaged than weak.! State tree everyone ’ s crook reminiscentof fire blight symptoms.Young leaves and young shoots some! Are especially susceptibleunder shady and wet conditions from host to host early symptoms begin in mid to late as. A greener and more beautiful place Cornus anthracnose RHS Registered charity no on... The first symptoms are similar, the disease disease of flowering dogwood this species is more resistant to than! And trunks some cases in previous years due to anthracnose RHS today and get 12 months the. Leaf symptoms on C. nuttallii on the bracts is probably detrimental to wildlife are susceptibleunder... Can grow into branches and trunks in full sunlight in Washington state ( Byther and Davidson )... Of Cornus nuttallii ) in Connecticut and the Eastern Seaboard plots with severe (! Some cases, reddish discoloration, yellowing and premature defoliation Anderson et al following symptoms: on leaves: and! And causes powdery mildew, septoria leaf spot damaged than weak trees brown-purple zone ( some with chlorotic halo (! Pacific dogwood ( Cornus florida have a high calcium content and decompose rapidly the southeastern United,!
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